大五类因素包括:严谨性、外向性、开放性、宜人性与神经质人格特质。一般记忆为
OCEAN-海洋或NEOAC-独木舟)。O代表Openness to experience (开放性),C代表
Conscientiousness(严谨性) ,E代表Extraversion(外向性) ,A代表Agreeableness
(宜人性),N代表Neuroticism(神经质)。
注:神经质因素有时被称为——“情绪不稳定极点”。对于如何解释这些因子存在一些争议比
如Openness,有时被称为“智力”,而不是“开放性”。每一个因素和人类的相关特质相关
联。例如,外向性等相关的素质为寻求gregariousness(群居,聚会)、主张、兴奋、温
暖、活动和积极的情感。
初始模型的提出者是雷蒙德(于1961年),但未能达到学术的高度。1990年,他的五因素模型得到最高水平的组织接受(歌德堡,1993)。大五类人格特征被认为是具有心理学量表基本结构的个性特征音速。这五种因素提供了丰富的概念架构,且整合所有的研究成果和人格心理学理论。大五类特点也被叫作“五因素模型”(或FFM科斯塔和McCrae,1992年),以及全球因素(罗素和Karol人格,1994)。
目前至少有四套研究人员各自独立研究这个模型的数据,现已鉴定出同样的五大因素:首先Tupes和Cristal,其次是歌德堡在俄勒冈州研究所、美国伊利诺大学的McCrae科斯塔和美国国家卫生研究院。这四套研究人员使用不同的方法找到五个特点,不过每一组的5个因素有所不同的名字和定义。然而,所有研究的总体因素类型是一致的。
大五类人格测试的个人的得分反馈为百分位数得分。例如,评分Q较高则显示其有较强的责任心,而外向性评分百分点高则显示测试者需要保持孤独和安静。虽然这些特质群可能存在例外的个性情况,但平均来看,开放性得分高的话,其求知欲强,有开放的情感,有艺术兴趣,愿意尝试新事物。而有些人可能会有一个全面开放的高得分,他有兴趣学习和探索新的文化,但没有艺术感兴趣或者诗歌。
才储小组最初怀疑TheBigFive和PDP测试是否有关联:譬如树袋熊的宜人性,孔雀的Open性,猫头鹰的严谨性,老虎的外向活跃性(有点牵强),变色龙的神经质与多变性。到后期发现有一些看似相近,两套模型其实还是有较大差异的。
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| 1....Is talkative |
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| 2....Tends to find fault with others |
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| 3....Does a thorough job |
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| 4....Is depressed, blue |
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| 5....Is original, comes up with new ideas |
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| 6....Is reserved |
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| 7....Is helpful and unselfish with others |
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| I see myself as someone who... |
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| 8....Can be somewhat careless |
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| 9....Is relaxed, handles stress well |
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| 10....Is curious about many different things |
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| 11....Is full of energy
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| 12....Starts quarrels with others
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| 13....Is a reliable worker
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| 14....Can be tense |
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| I see myself as someone who... |
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| 15....Is ingenious, a deep thinker
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| 16....Generates a lot of enthusiasm
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| 17....Has a forgiving nature |
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| 18....Tends to be disorganized |
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| 19....Worries a lot |
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| 20....Has an active imagination |
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| 21....Tends to be quiet |
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| 22....Is generally trusting |
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| 23....Tends to be lazy |
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| 24....Is emotionally stable, not easily upset |
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| 25....Is inventive |
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| 26....Has an assertive personality |
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| 27....Can be cold and aloof |
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| 28....Perseveres until the task is finished |
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| I see myself as someone who... |
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| 29....Can be moody |
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| 30....Values artistic, aesthetic experiences |
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| 31....Is sometimes shy, inhibited |
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| 32....Is considerate and kind to almost everyone |
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| 33....Does things efficiently |
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| 34....Remains calm in tense situations |
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| 35....Prefers work that is routine |
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| 36....Is outgoing, sociable |
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| 37....Is sometimes rude to others |
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| 38....Makes plans and follows through with them |
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| 39....Gets nervous easily |
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| 40....Likes to reflect, play with ideas |
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| 41....Has few artistic interests |
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| 42....Likes to cooperate with others |
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| 43....Is easily distracted |
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| 44....Is sophisticated in art, music, or literature |
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| 45....Is politically liberal |
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